1.assign Conceptual
To enter the topic of aggression in the city is necessary to know its semantics is that there are several definitions or meanings that are attributed to aggression, in which the concept used Dollard said that is any sequence of behavior whose goal response is injury to the person you are going. Another concept or notion is that of Buss, who notes aggression as
"a response that becomes a noxious stimulus to another agency." Already having clarify some meanings of aggression, we must mention features top of this and is there, where Archer and Browne (1989) identifies three characteristics of the prototypical case of aggression: Intent to cause harm, cause real damage (not just a warning), the existence of altered emotional state (anger or other) .
It should be noted that the most important and relevant to understanding the concept of aggression is the intention. As many scenarios in which an individual harms another attack down not because of lack of intent.
Thus, Geen (1976, quoted by Edmunds and Kendrick, 1980, p.15), supports the concept of aggression should include three factors: the production of a noxious stimulus, an attempt to damage and the fact that the attack to be greater than zero probability of being successful.
The definition most widely accepted is:
"The production of a noxious stimulus to an organism to another with the intention of causing harm or with any expectation that the stimulus to reach its target and has the effect desired "(Russell, 1976, cited Edmunds and Kendrick, 1980, p.16)
" The delivery of a noxious stimulus by one organism to Another with intent to harm and thereby with the stimulus Some That expectation REACH will target STI and STI Have intented effect " [1] .
Thus, another concept or meaning of aggression comes from the perspective of ethology [2] , which states that" an animal acts aggressively when deals, trying to inflict or threatens to inflict harm to another animal. The act is accompanied by behavioral symptoms recognizable and definable physiological changes [...] Aggression can move to humans or inanimate objects ". (JD and Ebling, FJ, 1966, p.2). The above definition has a physiological conceptual base for aggression.
Moreover, the hostility form a concept related to aggression, but is not synonymous with it. It would be an attitude, an "implicit verbal response involving negative feelings (bad choice) and negative evaluations of people and events" (Veness, 1996, p.118). Would respond quite stable, which is a generalization of both the stimulus and response, so that the responses of the victim may exacerbate hostility away. One answer may be hostile without being aggressive, and does not involve performing acts. Edmunds and Kendrick (1980) associate the concept of hostility to the aggression reinforced by the damage done to the other. The hostility is the product of repeated punishment by the other lead to a general disgust for humanity, and feel the pain and discomfort to people and reinforcing, whereas the "instrumental aggression" would be the willingness to use noxious stimuli as a means to gain extrinsic reinforcement. Then, according to these authors, it should involve "aggression" with acts resulting in damage to the other in search of reinforcements extrinsic and "hostility" to acts that result in damage to the other in search of intrinsic reinforcement.
Already at this point, I emphasize the notion of Lolas (1991), who difference between the concepts of aggression, aggression and violence. According to this view, aggression is a theoretical term, a construct that allows you to organize certain observations and experiences, which serves to integrate "objective" data at the level of motor behavior, physiology and experience (or subjectivity expressed in language). The term aggression is reserved for behavior characterized by transitivity agonists (the behavior of an attacker passes an assault), its direction (if the aggression is an object) and intent (the perpetrator seeks to hurt, looking to escape the assault.)
However, it is very important to refer to the following words, as these allow us understand the distinction between violence and aggression:
"The violence is the manifestation or improper exercise of force or power, whether by the lateness or the excess, with no intention by the agent or patient of the action. Thus, there are violent but non-aggressive gestures (rough sports) and aggressive but not violent acts (omission of gestures of support). Violence is present in all our life and is difficult to prevent, the aggressiveness, however, requires an intentionality that makes it different in their causes, although perhaps not in its effects. " [3]
2. Aggression and Cultural
For the development of this research is essential to outline the relationship between aggression and cultures and how this particularized social relations between individuals as part of any culture or urban subculture. As the interest, show the consequences that brings the aggression within a culture, set out below some thoughts on this subject:
"Some hunters and gatherers are essentially peaceful and devoid of aggression, but to give an example, in his study field with the Bushmen, cited as a people devoid of apparent aggressive behavior, our author identifies behaviors openly aggressive children, and aggression among adults with even bloodshed, as well as ritual behavior of aggressive content (Id., 1974, 531 and 1977, 131y et seq.). Other authors, like jalloweil (1969) also discovered that beneath the apparent peaceful conduct of the "Salteaux" hiding cruel practices markedly destructive magical symbolism. " [4]
In the previous paragraph can be show aggressive behavior in some cultures, reflected from times as old as that of the hunters, proving that the aggression had been present in the cultures since ancient times past and today, thanks to social studies can highlight and promote awareness of such acts of aggression in contemporary cultures.
Another interesting view about the attack on the cultures is evident in the following words:
Bacon et al (1963) have studied the correlations on theft and personal crimes and family organization 48 primitive societies. The authors verified the hypothesis is that male aggression is partly a defense mechanism against the strong feminine identification of the child. In short, the arguments of researchers are following: in every society the criminals belong mostly male. It is assumed that the child tends to identify with the mother before the father remained the largest daily contact with the first. Later the company itself required to play its part "male", which determines it a "compulsion" to defending their masculinity feminine identification. [5]
While in the previous paragraph can be seen as aggression is reflected in most cases in children, men, becoming evident in precise behaviors such as theft and crime. For this work, this will be a important starting to analyze the different forms of aggression in the cultures and subcultures of the city of Bogotá. Where these cultures have aggressive behaviors are espaciaclización territorialization in the city or in other words, "Niche or islands" within the urban layout.
3. Forms of Aggression
is important to determine what forms of aggression. Through the etiology, we have identified various forms of aggressive behavior:
For this work, I will focus on the away form of aggression: Territorial Defence. Since this type of aggression allows me to address different cultural aggression within a city and within a territorial concept.
4. Hypothesis
The city of Bogota and Islands has niches within the overall urban layout of the metropolis, where manifestations of aggression, caused mostly by the different urban cultures and subcultures. Bringing areas of exclusion and deterritorialization. These problems reduce the quality of urban life of people living in the city.
It then proposes a projective research to analyze the different manifestations of aggression in cultures and subcultures of the city of Bogotá, where the proposed plant from the field of design and process that reduce this problem.
5. Critical Thinking and Aggression
The research is based around and discover the opinions and statements that people accept as true in the context of everyday life, about what those manifestations of aggression in the city, from different cultures and subcultures.
This analysis will be based on observation, experience and reasoning. Always keeping in mind that the research should be focused on addressing intellectual values to go beyond individual impressions and opinions, so it requires clarity, accuracy, precision, evidence, and equity.
Thus, while necessary in terms of people to clarify the different manifestations of aggression, the findings from the analysis can not be based on subjectivity, but rather, have both an analytical aspect and the other evaluative.
Therefore, the research, analysis, and ultimately offered on manifestations of aggression in the city must distinguish reasonable from unreasonable, the true from the false, the real and the mythological. Bringing the detection of fallacies on the theme.
[1] Taken from http://www.robertexto.com/archivo4/agresividad.htm
# 2 [2] ethology Definition taken from the Dictionary of the Royal English Academy:
f. Scientific study of nature and human behavior patterns. F.
Part of biology that studies animal behavior.
[3] Taken from http://www.robertexto.com/archivo4/agresividad.htm
# 2 [4] Jiménez Burillo, Florencio, "Social Psychology, Volume 1", UNED, Madrid, 1985 pp. 236-237 and 240-241.
[5] Jiménez Burillo, Florencio, "Social Psychology, Volume 1", UNED, Madrid, 1985 pp. 236-237 and 240-241.
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