Petroleum refining has evolved continuously in response to demand for better and different products by consumers. The original requirement of the process was to produce kerosene as a fuel source for lighting cheaper and better than whale oil. The development of internal combustion engine led to the production of benzene, diesel gasoline and diesel.
The evolution of the airplane was needed aviation gasoline and high octane jet fuel, which is a more elaborate form of the original product to refineries, kerosene.
existing refineries produce various products, many of which are used as feedstock for cracking processes and manufacture of lubricants, and petrochemicals.
be broadly classified as fuel, petrochemical feedstocks, solvents, process oils, lubricants and specialty products such as wax, asphalt and coke. Fuel
Main fuel products are liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, fuel for jet engines, the diesel fuel, heating oil and residual fuel.
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), consisting of mixtures of paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons such as propane and butane, is produced for use as fuel, stored and handled in liquid phase under pressure. The GPL has a boiling point ranging from about 74 ° C to +38 ° C, colorless, and its vapors are heavier than air and extremely flammable. The important qualities of LPG from the perspective of health and safety at work, are pressure steam and pollutant control. Gasoline
. The most important product of the refinery is gasoline engine, a mixture of hydrocarbon fractions with relatively low boiling points, including the reformed gasoline, alkylate, naphtha, aliphatic (straight-run light naphtha), aromatic naphtha (naphtha cracker thermal and catalytic) and additives. Gas mixtures have boiling points ranging from ambient temperature to about 204 ° C and a flashpoint below -40 ° C. Critical attributes of the gasoline is the octane number (antiknock quality), volatility (starting and vapor lock) and pressure Steam (environmental control). Additives are used to improve gas mileage and provide protection against oxidation and corrosion. Gasoline used in aviation is a high-octane, a mixture specially designed to offer good performance at high altitudes.
The tetraethyl lead (PTE) and tetramethyl lead (PTM) are additives that improve fuel octane and knock qualities. In an effort to reduce lead in exhaust emissions from cars, these additives are no longer used on a regular basis, except gasoline used in aviation. To improve the qualities of the gasoline antiknock lead-free and reduce carbon monoxide emissions, rather than PTE and PTM are used etilbutiléter tertiary (ebete) metilbutiléter tertiary (Mbete) amilmetiléter tertiary (AMET) and other oxygenates.
Fuel for jet engines and kerosene. Kerosene is a mixture of paraffins and naphthenes, usually less than 20% of aromatic components. It has a flash point above 38 ° C and a boiling temperature range of 160 ° C to 288 ° C, and is used for lighting, heating, solvents and mixed with diesel fuel. Fuel for jet engines is a middle distillate kerosene whose critical qualities are the freezing point, flash point and the point of smoke.
commercial fuel for jet engines has a boiling range of about 191 ° C to 274 ° C, and fuel for jet engines for military use, a range of 55 ° C to 288 ° C.
distillate fuels. Diesel gas oil and domestic heating are colored mixtures of paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics, which sometimes contain moderate amounts of olefins. The distillate fuels have flash points above 60 ° C and boiling ranges of 163 ° C to 371 ° C., and often are subjected to hydrodesulfurization to improve stability. As fuel, when treated emit vapors that form flammable mixtures with air. Among the best qualities of distillate fuels are flash points and controlled drip, clean combustion, the absence of deposit formation in storage tanks and a cetane number of diesel gas oils suitable for a good start and a satisfactory combustion.
residual fuels. Many ships and commercial and industrial facilities use residual fuels or combinations of residual fuel and distillation, to generate energy and heat for processing. Residual fuels are liquid mixtures dark color and high viscosity of large molecules of oil, with flash points above 121 ° C and high boiling points. The critical specifications of residual fuels are viscosity and low sulfur content (to control environmental
).
0 comments:
Post a Comment